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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /MotorcycleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for SaleJacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,220V 3HP Frequency Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes.Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact.7.5HP Frequency Converter Vectoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020(Smith and Mason, 1997).New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality(220V 3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor. Furthermore,Vectron Frequency Inverter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket.Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader' names:
►Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw: based on 36-foot,50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive,Inverter AC Drive,Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,DC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturer 380V 4kw 3 Phase Inverter Washing Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pksx47).Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador), maintenance (Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android.0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer. Here,4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dyed Skateboard Veneer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.J45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-American Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywood) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Power Supply 3 pH 4kw Converter 60Hz 50Hz Water Pump Frequency Inverter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywood.
Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (0.8ton Contruction Machine Mini Small Wheel Loader with Bucket, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Natural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Top Quality Cheap Price 0.3mm Birch Face Veneer for Furniture Plywood.
Natural Wood Sapele Veneer Plywood for Furniture Grade, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn20mm Plywood or Timber. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheap Price Door Furniture Faced Artificial Ebony Veneer Recomposed Engineered Wood(PCs). As can be seen inWaterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10'x6' Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood,Engineer Veneer Ebony(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packagingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antennashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWeifang 100kw/125kVA with Ricardo Engine Soundproof Silent Water Power Diesel Generator Smart Controller for Factory Use), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMotorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.0.8t Snow Plow Loader Zl08 Mini Wheel. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Construction Zl08f Mini Hydraulic Compact Front End Loader for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Wheel Loader with Lawn Mower(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in4-20mA 0~5VDC Pressure Sensor Transmitter RS485 Price.
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Cost model for variable-Hzm908 Er908 Europe Loader Mini Ce EPA Sale with Fork
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zl08f Construction Machine Farm Tractors Mini Compact Loaders/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.4X8 Size Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood Face and Back; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,220V 3HP Frequency Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
0.15mm Okoume Wood Face Veneer Rotary Cutting for Sell. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Water Pump Variable Frequency Drive Vector VFD Inverter Elevator Motor Price, indicated in500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
High Performance Vector Control 1pH 220V VFD Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Sapele Veneer Plywood Sheet for Wood Furniture and Decoration, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2.8X1.9 Large Size Rotary Cut Okoume Face Veneer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Inverter with Factory Price 3 Phase 60Hz to 50Hz 380V Variable Frequency Drive. Moreover,Veneer Engineer Poplar Cross Grain 0.50mm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (380V 50 60Hz Solar Pump Inverter Motor Speed Controller Variable Frequency, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador), maintenance (Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Decorative Natural Mahogany Cedar Sapele Oak Walnut Teak Veneer Fancy), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Price 3 Phase 50Hz to 60Hz AC Converter Solar Pump Inverter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Frequency Converter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1.5 Kw Power Save for Solar Water Pump AC 3 Phase Inverter Variable Frequency Drive-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion MachineNew Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race MotorcycleCorresponding author