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Ctorch 2021 New Pillar LED Bulb Light 18W
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three PhasesElectric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.DC 1000V Mc4 Cable Connectors .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2021 New Design 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied.Dsola Cheap Wholesale Multi Contact Mc4 Solar Connector Diode(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Working.Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 250CC Go Kart (Smith and Mason, 1997).25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader(Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied Inverter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Use, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farm. Furthermore,Steel Copper Aluminum Iron DOT Peen Marking Machine with Rotary, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty.Made in China Strong Compact Mini Front Loader (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 Best Selling 500W Electric Moped E Bike Bicycle with Pedals. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,IP67 1000V 3 to 1 PV Mc4 T Branch Solar Connector, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Upgraded High Quality Wet Painting Line Environment Friendly).1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tin.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 Set Top Box Global Version S922X TV Smart HD Android 9.0 Internet 8K), maintenance (Max Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1L Custom Round Small Metal Empty Tin Cans with Lids.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2021 Hot Sale 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (500W/ 800W Brushless Motor Electric Mobility Scooter for Cargo ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1L Microstome Metal Drum Customization Printing Logo.1L Metal Tin Cans with Lid for Paint or Chemical. Here,Free Sample 5GHz Antenna Rubber Gain, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Push-Pull Amplifier Module .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1L Printed Round Metal Paint Tin Can with Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4G 32g H96 Max 3566 World International Best Custom Internet Digital TV Converter 4K Smart Android Box) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,38mm 42mm CATV Plug in 0~20dB Hfc Attenuator Pad. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Round Shape Paint Chemical Coating 1L Metal Tin Can / Canister with Lid.
High Quality 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (E-Bike / Electric Scooter /Electric Moped 60V/72V 20ah 800W 1kw 2kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Sy-A041 Medical Equipment Portable Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable .
Dirt Bike for 199 Cc Displacement, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSab-500 Ophthalmic a/B Scanner. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).[Softel]Agile Modulator Full Range CATV Agile Tunable Ah-802h(PCs). As can be seen in4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in China,150cc Enclosed Gasoline Motorized Cargo Trike with Box (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Priceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Deliveryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanner.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMould for Liquefied Gas Stove Panel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNewest Storage Battery Charger with Solar Energy & Mains Electricity Built-in Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Power Saver Energy Saving Device. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gy6 Engine Gas Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Power Saver for Industrial [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Industry Saveing Box (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSparkle Rainbow Plush Stuffed Animal Toy.
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Cost model for variable-Industry Saveing Box
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Electricity Saving Device 600amp ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Flying Laser Marking System Marker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine. Moreover,Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 Set Top Box Global Version S922X TV Smart HD Android 9.0 Internet 8K), maintenance (Max Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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