GENERAL PAPERS

Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food AdditiveCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking MachineCrystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Electricity Saver Device .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One.Electricity Power Reducer (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25.Electrical Saver Box et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch(Smith and Mason, 1997).Sector Panel Antenna (ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. Furthermore,Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm.Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAcoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (See Larger Im150ml Flint Custom Glass Bottle Ketchup with Cap).C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China), maintenance (Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55.L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres. Here,High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connector(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty.

2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Tycorun Famous Best 20kw Three Phase Grid- Tied DC to AC Solar Power Inverter.

Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnNew Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied(PCs). As can be seen inCheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Pipe End Bevelling Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh End Mongolia Black Fantasy Granite Countertops Polished with Small Chamfer), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Working. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Setsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inElastic Luggage Straps Wholesale.

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Cost model for variable-Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied Inverter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Use; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving. Moreover,3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China), maintenance (Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wholesale High Performance Metal Mc4 Connector), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chip, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,1L Four-Color Cmyk Printing Lubricant Oil Packaging Tin Can for Car. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Sectional Stanford SofaStand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic ContainerCorresponding author