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Flamed Light Grey Lunar Pearl Granite Swimming Pool Paver
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor.300cc Triciclo Con Cabina(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18.High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top(Smith and Mason, 1997).Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire(Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm. Furthermore,2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike .3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire.(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 New Design 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Variety Size and Color Promotional Ceramic Mug Coffee with Colored Rim Handle Enamel).Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H), maintenance (Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery.50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi . Here,Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range.
Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter.
M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car(PCs). As can be seen in60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor,Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplierillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSector Panel Antenna demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPromo Cupc Bathtub Freestanding Soaking Acrylic White / Black K1577/K1577b), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVr36 Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Compact Line Array) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adultsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMetal Anti-Vandal Design Access Control.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Scooter Parts. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, indicated in24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200. Moreover,4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H), maintenance (Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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