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3D Wheel Aligner H8/Tire Changer/Garage Equipment/Automotive Equipment/Wheel Balancer/Auto Maintenance/Wheel Alignment Machine Price/3D
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/EscooterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil CupHigh Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Plastic Green Color Masterbatch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574.Master Batch Organic Colorset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits(Smith and Mason, 1997).Orange Color Masterbatch(Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid. Furthermore,Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4.ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBenzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (SMD 14 Segment LED Display Alphanumeric).Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820), maintenance (Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021.Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules. Here,PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules.
Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12.
Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGood Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow(PCs). As can be seen inBest Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection(CSFM) is presented here as an example.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inProfessional Gas Cooker Pressing Die /Tool/Tooling or Metal Stamping with Carbon Steel Stainless for), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRetionoic Acid API USP Tretinoin Good Quality Competitive Price CAS No 302- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.250CC Go Kart shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Wiegand Single Door TCP/IP Access Control Panel.
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Cost model for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655. Moreover,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820), maintenance (Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Stainless Steel 17-4pH .Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s]
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Lashgari, A.ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, A.R. 2013.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Cemented Carbide Drawing Dies Yg8]
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Montgomery, D.C. and Runger, G.C. 2003. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. 3rd edn. Arizona State University. [WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty]
Mular, A.L. 1978. Mineral Processing Equipment Costs and Preliminary Capital Cost Estimations. A Handbook of Major Equipment Costs for Factored Capital Cost Estimations.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, Montreal. vol.13. 166 pp. [Hoozhu D12 Diving Light 1000 Lumens Dive Torch Flashlight Lamp]
Mular, A.L. 1982.Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, Montreal. 265 pp. [Sapelli Plywood]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, Montreal. 319 pp. [on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone.vol. 1.Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker]
Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box.Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [220V 3HP Frequency Converter]
Prasad, L. 1969.L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine]
2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time]
2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [High Speed 4K 34 35 Inch Gaming Monitor Wide PC Curved]
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Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161. [Top Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0 for Antiseptic]
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USBM. 1987.Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub,Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Solar Panels Lights LED Street Lamps Integrated with Built-in Battery]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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