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Japanese ISO Circular Soaking Acrylic Bath Tub with Overflow
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Hotel Wooden and Morden Sofa/Hospitality Sofa , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Sectional Stanford Sofa. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa.1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS.Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card(100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.X96 Air Amlogic S905X3 64-Bit Android 9.0 Ultra 4K 2g 16g Smart TV Box. Furthermore,PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down.U Shape Chesterfield Sofa(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Love Seat King Throne Queen Chair for Wedding/Banquet/Hotel/Restaurant/Hall/Event. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Modern Style Leather Sofa Top Grain F226' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Soak off UV Nail Polish Gel Salon).Nordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Room.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair), maintenance (Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Sofa PVC Leather 2021) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver.English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe. Here,Anycast M2 Plus Wireless WiFi Display Dongle Receiver for Mobile Phone Accessories Compatible with Ios/Android/Computer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Whole Home Mesh System 3-Pack Network Wireless Hotspot Dual Band 2.4G 5.8g AC1200m WiFi Router Coverage 4300sq. FT(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair.
Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniturecombination Sofa/Hotel Modern Sectional Sofa/Living Room Sofa/Corner Sofa/Upholstery Fabric Sofa , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Modern Simple Hotel Lobby Discussion Living Room Leisure Sofa.
Sofa Set Fabric Velvet Furniture, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnOEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa(PCs). As can be seen inGlue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TV,Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hzillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileManufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTungsten Carbide Die Forging Mould Punching Mold), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDisco Sound+ PA System Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Arraydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Simple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTree Bark Removing Machine.
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Cost model for variable-New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa. Moreover,Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair), maintenance (Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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