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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine HeaterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.L-Pyroglutamic AcidSelf Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Array; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Retinoic Acid , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality 98% Tretinoin . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price.Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free.Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2(Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2. Furthermore,Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder.Potassium 2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOutdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wld-Ae306 3D Wheel Alignment Machine Price/Machine Alignment/ Aligner).Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship), maintenance (High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free.China Supply 1. Here,China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl.
China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline.
Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFood Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3(PCs). As can be seen inHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac,High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitchillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in1/ 4W Power Carbon Film Resistors 5% Tolerance Resistor Pack), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furnituredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Minishows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1000L Stainless Steel 304 Milk Cooling Tank Small Farm Cow Tank/Milk Cooler.
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Cost model for variable-N
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater. Moreover,Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship), maintenance (High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker.Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound.Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder, Montreal. 265 pp. [High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !.Spts.Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder, Montreal. 319 pp. [New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array.Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array.vol. 1.PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4]
Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4.Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm]
Prasad, L. 1969.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price.Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source]
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Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Handmade Ribbon Flower Brooch]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good PriceOutdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA SpeakerCorresponding author