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Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding EquipmentCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kwPlastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Poweret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Einecs No. 200-661-7/Ipa Is a Colorless Transparent Liquid/Large Output to Meet Supply Demand(Smith and Mason, 1997).Screw Top Metal Tin Can(Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. Furthermore,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can.Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wood Grain Felt-Back Vinyl Flooring High Quality Made in China Rolled Linoleum).World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult), maintenance (Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw. Here,Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V.

Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.

Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLinyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(PCs). As can be seen in20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performanceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packagingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inIntelligent Solar and Wind Street Light Smart 60W), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromQ1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drivedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable 3 Ply Medical Face Mask.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use. Moreover,Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult), maintenance (Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20kw Grid Tied Solar System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

UNS NO2200 Nickel PlateLongyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0Corresponding author