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P1.25mm Indoor Full Color LED Digital Display Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw CabinAlumimun Foil Film Bag; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Home Solar System 2kw Panel.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use.Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price.843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltageet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Everun Er408 Small Loader Compact with Pallet Forks(Smith and Mason, 1997).Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H(Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil. Furthermore,Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Made in China OEM Overnight Disposable Adult Diapers).Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle), maintenance (60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV.AC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump. Here,Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw.
Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.
Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(PCs). As can be seen inMaunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah,Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmideshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileKas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwooferdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCheap Price LED Backlight Smart TV 55 Inch 1920*1080P Full HD Super Slim Widescreen Television Support WiFi for Shopping), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feedsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in3 Years Warranty 14.4W Super High CRI 95 SMD5050 LED Flexible Strip.
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Cost model for variable-Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier. Moreover,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle), maintenance (60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Inverter Pump 15kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low Cost, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,TUV Ce Europe Popular 6000W Grid Tied Home Solar System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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