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Stainless Steel Food Equipment Manual Welded Butterfly Valve
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System HomeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-001138mm 42mm CATV Plug in 0~20dB Hfc Attenuator Pad; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gt1749V .2004-10 for Volkswagen(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan.T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer(Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine. Furthermore,Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8.Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L-Pyroglutamic Acid. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Pipe Bevelling Machine (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Spare Parts Blow Bar of Impact Crusher).ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade), maintenance (Green Color HDPE Masterbatch) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Blue Masterbatch for Film.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yellow HDPE Masterbatch) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit.Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator. Here,CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine.
T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup.
Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail(PCs). As can be seen inYn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Driveillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Gradeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz Stainless Steel Wine Glass-Vacuum Insulated Hydro Double Wall Flask), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Master Batch Organic Colors. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Orange Color Masterbatch[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Make Kids Novelty Cute Chicken Sheep Penguin Fox Cartoon Toys Plastic Animal.
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Cost model for variable-Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, indicated inJwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficient, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality. Moreover,Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade), maintenance (Green Color HDPE Masterbatch), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price.PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, Montreal. 265 pp. [Apr125-2 White Motorcycle]
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USBM. 1987.PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China,Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wholesale Kisskids Diaper Baby Cheap Price Disposable Diapers]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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