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Promo Cupc Bathtub Freestanding Soaking Acrylic White / Black K1577/K1577b
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine PriceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Polymer Science 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 16- 79 -0Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Custom Printed Pet Food Packaging Bags(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Clothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Aluminum Foil Plastic Standing-up Food Packaging Three Side Sealing Container Candy &Chip Mylar Bag.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Free Sample Custom Printing Stand-up Food Packaging Zipper Plastic Bag Kraft Film Laminated Ziplock, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Amino Acid L-Arginine 99% CAS 74- 79 -3. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Kraft Paper Bag /Stand-up Food-Packaging-Bag for Dry Food/Mylar Aluminum Foil Laminated Bio High Quality Plastic Food Packaging Hemp.Matt Food Packaging Child Proof Zipper Plastic Stand up Pouch Water &Air & Smelly Kraft Film Laminated Food&Tea&Coffee&Candy Bag(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Glossy & Matte Plastic Flat Bag Three Side Sealing Aluminum Foil with Tear Notch &Ziplock Silver Food Packaging Pouch for Food&Hemp&Tea Smell Resistant.Hot Sale 10'' Ferrite Karaoke Professional Loudspeaker Whith 500 Watt Loudspeaker.et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah(Smith and Mason, 1997).Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design Food Packaging Airtight Pouches Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Child Resistance up Squeeze(Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Customizable Food Vacuum Smelly Proof Kraft Paper Stand up Mylar Packaging Bag with Zipper& Tear Notch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Custom Liquid Stand up Pouch Spout for Food Packaging; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,ESD Shielding Anti Static Aluminum Foil Laminated LLDPE Bag for Electronic Parts /LED Lighting Packing, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Outdoor Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System. Furthermore,2021 New Compact 10 " Active Line Array Speaker Sound System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Waterproof Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System.PE Dog Food Pouch with Hole(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Concert Live Service . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBiodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Double 10'' Compact Active Line Array' names:
►CAS: 13553- 79 -2; Rifamycin S: based on 36-foot,PE/ PA /CPP Food Vacuum Packing Bag Plastic Grade,Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99% with Best Price,Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Delivery, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,99% Purity 1-Bromo-3
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde / Phthalaldehyde with Best Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Metal Anti-Vandal Design Access Control).Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8), maintenance (99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 702- 79 -4 99% Pure 1.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Dimethylthiotoluene Diamine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Digital Audio Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Active) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10 Inch Sound System Speaker Box China Line Array Audio Systems.Sulfasalazine CAS No. 599- 79 -1. Here,Double 10'' Compact Line Array, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Karaoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audio.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2 X HDMI(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-L10/83267-Professional Audio 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Single 10 " Waterproof Polyurea Active Line Array Speaker Systems. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag.
Two-Way Single 10 " Professional Waterproof Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional 8 Mono+2 Stereo 10 Channel DSP Audio Mixer with 48V Phamton Power Supply, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Printed Polyethylene Plastic Foil Packaging Roll Film for Packing Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Q1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage Performance.
Recycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturers, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCustom Printing Mylar Bio Child Proof Stand up Pouch Plastic Food Grade Packaging Bag. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Kas Professional Dual 15 Inch Subwoofer 10 Line Array Speaker(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Printed Food Packaging Doypack Aluminium Zipper Bags, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200W,Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracyclineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Arrayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SAdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Line Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTiger Zodiac Ice Sticker), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speaker. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kitdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Top Quality Pharmaceutical Chemical 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Prevent Plant Diseases with Good Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWalkie Talkies Earpiece with Mic 2 Pin D Shape Headset for IC-F26.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Supply CAS 79 // 03 //8 Safe Shipment High Purity/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Suking Hot Selling Chemical Product ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Clothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9, indicated inHigh Purity Colorless Liquid CAS 1009-14-9 Valerophenone with Lowest Price, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Food Packaging Bag, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System. Moreover,Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8), maintenance (99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Lashgari, A.Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags, A.R. 2013.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker,Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Design Bottle Perfume for South East Asia 2021]
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Professional 8 Mono+2 Stereo 10 Channel DSP Audio Mixer with 48V Phamton Power Supply, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System]
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USBM. 1987.Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container,Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Waterless Bulk Hand Sanitizer 500ml 75% Alcohol Instant Gel 99% of Sterilization]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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