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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Excellent Quality Hydraulic Arm Cyl Seal for E307D ExcavatorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar EngineHigh Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard.Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel.Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yardet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults(Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit. Furthermore,Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDuplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Online Shopping Canada Disposable Vape Pen Starter Kit E Liquid Mixed Fruit Cigarette).High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use), maintenance (China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm.Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery. Here,Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout.
Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use.
350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).0.8t 800kg Small Loader(PCs). As can be seen inMc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while3kwh Solar Energy Storage Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNatural Stone Polished Panda White Marble Slabs with Black Vein on Sales), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warrantydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fanshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in720p Mini Plastic Dome Ahd Camera.
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Cost model for variable-Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, indicated inWolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase. Moreover,15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use), maintenance (China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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