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PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years WarrantyCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Peptide Cosmetics CAS 155149- 79 -4 Capixyl(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 Raw Crystal 643798 Supplier, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.100% Copper Wire St-1kw Single Phase Dynamo Factory Price.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Supplier Antioxidants Powder of Propyl Gallate CAS: 121- 79 -9, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement Display. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen .aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat display(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screen.AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitorset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad(Smith and Mason, 1997).LG panel 49" advertising rack (B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)55inch wall mount LCD panel surveillance LED video, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Two-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,55 Inch LCD Video Wall Display with Controller, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound System. Furthermore,10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Samsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel.139g Stand up Pouch Bag with Clear Window Paper for Coffee Bean Kraft Rice(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System., 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audio' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper Aluminum Laminated Container Food Packaging

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Food Grade Packaging Custom Print Laminated Stand up Bag, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Whole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Standalone Access Controller).Food Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weed.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Packaging Bag), maintenance (High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Water Proof Child Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwoofer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electronics ESD Moisture Barrier Aluminum Foil Bag Shielding Anti-Static Plastic for Electronic Parts) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker.Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Array. Here,10'' Neodymium Coaxial Speaker. 250W & 60W Power Rating PA Audio., separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-4-Chloro-4'-Methylbenzophenone High Quality Products CAS 5395- 79 -9.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Display(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screen) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49". MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling Speaker.

Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker.

Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker(PCs). As can be seen inPVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth,PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante(CSFM) is presented here as an example.3HP Three Phase Frequency Converterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLine Array of Parts for PRO Audio Speaker demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inButachlor 60�), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300ccdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA /CPP Rotort Pouch[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Minshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLarge Aluminum Foil Container Pan Disposable Square Pot with Lid.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 Raw Crystal 643798 Supplier, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7, indicated inThinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6. Moreover,St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Packaging Bag), maintenance (High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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