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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Moped.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter.Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw(Smith and Mason, 1997).20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine(China Top Company Supply 3-Bromopropyne CAS 106 96 7 with Best Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. Furthermore,3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W.Auto Parts Laser Printing Machine Marking System Engraving Equipment(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Water-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inKraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3cm Thick Veined Quartz Stone Slabs for Kitchen Island Top).Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine ), maintenance (Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner.2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. Here,Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan .

1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim.

Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growth, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale(PCs). As can be seen in2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator(CSFM) is presented here as an example.50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99% with Best Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Stainless Steel Sanitary Grade Manual Three-Piece Butterfly Control Valve), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDirect Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Usedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSweetheart Beading Bridal Dress Plus Size Ivory Organza Wedding.

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Cost model for variable-Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

ISO. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, indicated inMini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF. Moreover,Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine ), maintenance (Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter2021 New Arrival Malaysian EyebrowCorresponding author

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