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Neoprene Bottle Cooler King Size
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison ChipCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing MachineHy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack.25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light.Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Manufacturer Supply 1(Smith and Mason, 1997).Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System(50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light. Furthermore,1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mc4y Solar Connector.1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Women Laser Belt Bag Fashion Holographic Fanny Pack).Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus.20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine. Here,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Underwater Pool Light with Niche ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Skin Tightening. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus.
portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing.
20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMotorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale,Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Customizable Food Vacuum Smelly Proof Kraft Paper Stand up Mylar Packaging Bag with Zipper& Tear Notchshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFood Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oildemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in150ml Neck24 Lotion Pump Bottle for Cosmetic Packaging), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTs218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Usedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Suppliershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOutdoor Waterproof Metal Back Lighted Letters.
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Cost model for variable-Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20, indicated inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery. Moreover,New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-635% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch ManufactureCorresponding author