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4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power GeneratorsCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament.PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing(Khalesiet al.,2015).

30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphoneet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door(Smith and Mason, 1997).Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case(Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone. Furthermore,Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Regular Spangle Zinc Coating 40-180g Corrugated Steel Sheets for Roofing Sheet).Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent), maintenance (Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Head Gasket .Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate . Here,High Quality , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Chinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit.

Industrial Grade SHMP , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance.

K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnKomastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits(PCs). As can be seen inPlastic Mylar Customize Container Food Grade Zip Stand-up Pouch Packaging Bag with Clear Window, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Solvent Violet 59 ,Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application(CSFM) is presented here as an example.55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Displayillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottlesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileoff Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speeddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solvent Violet 11.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in60ml 75% Ethanol Antiseptic Hand Sanitizer Gel with FDA), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solvent Violet 10b 9[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Diase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Arrayshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inH-111 Plastic Bathtub.

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Cost model for variable-ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone. Moreover,Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent), maintenance (Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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