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Discount Cologne Fragrance Oil
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Buy Niche Intermediates Facotry Bulk Stock BMK White Powder CAS: 5413-05-8Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Purity 99% Intermediate 1(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults(Frequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC Motor). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Power Saver Device , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box. Furthermore,Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (925 Silver Fashion Jewelry Bracelet D001).Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ), maintenance (Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties.High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Here,2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi.
Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electricity Saver Device , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver.
EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnElectricity Power Reducer . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25(PCs). As can be seen in1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Sector Panel Antenna ,15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire(CSFM) is presented here as an example.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metalsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAutomatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in Chinademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Automatic Single Cylinder Floor Spring Hinge for Glass Door), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemicaldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extractsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMfsg-S-28 Soft Luggage Tsa Lock Travel Suitcase Set.
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Cost model for variable-Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate . Moreover,2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ), maintenance (Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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