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Kobia Tub
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Rimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club.Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10(Khalesiet al.,2015).
GMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping.Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine (Smith and Mason, 1997).Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6(PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mixer Power Amplifier with USB, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker. Furthermore,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array.PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Coaxial Speaker TD10, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Broad Brightness Custom Luminous LED Letter and Sign).2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory), maintenance (80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,PRO Audio PA Speaker .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Top Quality Tretinoin Powder Retinoic Acid for Skin Care) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price.Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210. Here,Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address.
TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1.
125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth(PCs). As can be seen inCheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Lightshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSingle 15 Inch High Quality Bassdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 10W Solar Home Lighting System Light with&Nbsp; FM Radio MP3 Music), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromErgonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huaweishows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inConstruction Mining Tunnel Mucking Machine Rock Loader Excavator.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality. Moreover,2-Cyclohexylethanol , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (L-Pyroglutamic Acid, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory), maintenance (80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade.Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker.Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6, Montreal. 265 pp. [Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2.Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier.Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6, Montreal. 319 pp. [Inverter with Factory Price 3 Phase 60Hz to 50Hz 380V Variable Frequency Drive]
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99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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