GENERAL PAPERS

Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied InverterCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.E-Bike / Electric Scooter /Electric Moped 60V/72V 20ah 800W 1kw 2kwCrystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Sy-A041 Medical Equipment Portable Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Dirt Bike for 199 Cc Displacement.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Sab-500 Ophthalmic a/B Scanner, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,[Softel]Agile Modulator Full Range CATV Agile Tunable Ah-802h. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,200cc Reverse Wholesale Motor Light Three Wheel Motorcycle .Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in China(Khalesiet al.,2015).

150cc Enclosed Gasoline Motorized Cargo Trike with Box .Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanneret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692(Smith and Mason, 1997).Power Saver Box Energy(Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Power Saver Energy Saving Device, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Power Saver for Industrial ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Industry Saveing Box , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Industry Saveing Box . Furthermore,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electricity Saving Device 600amp .250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inKaraoke Voice Reduction Professional Audio Converter Proaudio (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Flying Laser Marking System Marker' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED DIP Neon for Illuminated Business Lighting Sign).Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator), maintenance (250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Automatic High Effective Medical Ultrasound Bone Densitometer .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator .16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle. Here,Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner.

Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,New Racing Motorcycle.

Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnClinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base(PCs). As can be seen inVimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design,China Ophthalmic Equipment(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Miniillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Speaker with Laser Light shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLaminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Containerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz /12oz Double Wall Vacuum Insulated 18/8 Stainless Steel Travel Tumbler Coffee Mug with Leak Proof Locking Lid), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywooddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDark Grey Floor Tiles Polished Porcelain Ceramic Porcelana Spanish.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna . Moreover,E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1L Tin Can for Oil, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator), maintenance (250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.L-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Sale. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern.-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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