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375kVA/300kw Super Silent Power Generator Set Diesel Engine Genset with ISO
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water CoolingHigh Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,860MHz Two Way Amplifier . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi.5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan.Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antennaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder(Smith and Mason, 1997).24 Channels Fixed Modulator(Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan. Furthermore,Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650.80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,860MHz Two Way Amplifier
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Protective Surgical Medical Face Mask).Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System), maintenance (500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power. Here,72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Loader.
18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box.
Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can(PCs). As can be seen inDC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collectordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCheap P10 Full Color LED Display for Indoor), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chipshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Selling High Quality Alumium Frame 10X10 Feet Advertising Custom Tent.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Power Saver Device . Moreover,1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System), maintenance (500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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