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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head TunerCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Manufacturer Supply 1.Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker .10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for ESD Shielding Anti Static Aluminum Foil Laminated LLDPE Bag for Electronic Parts /LED Lighting Packing(Smith and Mason, 1997).Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch(Portable 15inch PA Speaker F15+). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).L-Arginine 99%; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch. Furthermore,Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn.R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDouble 12'' Line Array Audio(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Cheap Metal Enamel Alphabet Safety Hollow Brooch Lapel Pin Badge with Your Logo).Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil), maintenance (Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box .10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer. Here,V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array .
Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic.
Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChild Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag(PCs). As can be seen inJ45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic,Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock(CSFM) is presented here as an example.AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Powerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Kas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while30W PA Active Computer 5.1 System Inexpensive Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Model V8 D&Bstyle Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Speaker.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2014 Brand New A-Line White Lace V-Neck Organza Wedding Dresses Bridal Gowns), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBenzyl Benzoate Pharmaceutical Intermediates) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.280mm Magnetshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inClear 150ml Flint Glass Bottle Ketchup with Cap.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Click 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production, indicated inFrequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
10'' Ferrite Woofer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)D&B Style Dual 10 " Professional Speaker Line Array . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.UV Protection Agent 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Mesh Number Can Be Customized Exogenous Biological Compounds. Moreover,Line Array 10 Inchneodymiun PRO Audio Woofer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch Rice, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil), maintenance (Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line Array. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Pharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Qsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt10.Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator]
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Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [PVC Tube /Pipe Pulverizer Milling Machine and Production Line]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate ]
USBM. 1987.Q1 Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Double 10 Inch Two-Way PRO Audio,Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruit-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Bluesky Shellac Soak off LED UV Nail Gel Polish 120 Different Colors]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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