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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator SetsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cmHot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55.L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty.24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bikeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pellets(Smith and Mason, 1997).Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connector(Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home. Furthermore,Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Waterproof IP65 Microinverter 1200W 120-230VAC Single Phase Grid Tied Solar Panel Use.Tycorun Famous Best 20kw Three Phase Grid- Tied DC to AC Solar Power Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in500W Powered Speaker Professional Sound Line Array System (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dsola Cheap Wholesale Multi Contact Mc4 Solar Connector Diode
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Working, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Naropin Anesthesia Injection Ropivacaine Pure Powder 132112-35-7 USA Safe Delivery 7days).25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied Inverter), maintenance (China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Use.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farm) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Steel Copper Aluminum Iron DOT Peen Marking Machine with Rotary) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty.Made in China Strong Compact Mini Front Loader . Here,2021 Best Selling 500W Electric Moped E Bike Bicycle with Pedals, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Wholesale High Performance Metal Mc4 Connector. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chip.
1L Four-Color Cmyk Printing Lubricant Oil Packaging Tin Can for Car, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
IP67 1000V 3 to 1 PV Mc4 T Branch Solar Connector, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number.
1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2021 Set Top Box Global Version S922X TV Smart HD Android 9.0 Internet 8K. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Max Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number(PCs). As can be seen in1L Panit Can, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2021 Hot Sale 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warranty,500W/ 800W Brushless Motor Electric Mobility Scooter for Cargo (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furnitureshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L Microstome Metal Drum Customization Printing Logo.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCompostable High Quality Moisture-Proof Courier Shipping Package Bags for Clothing), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Free Sample 5GHz Antenna Rubber Gain. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channelsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Push-Pull Amplifier Module [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Chery 1500cc 4X4 Sport Buggies ATV UTV Quad Scootershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1L Printed Round Metal Paint Tin Can with Lid(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inT6 Series Nesting 55inch SKD&CKD Multi-Screen Interaction 4K Interactive Whiteboard with Touch Screen Dual System.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].38mm 42mm CATV Plug in 0~20dB Hfc Attenuator Pad/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Round Shape Paint Chemical Coating 1L Metal Tin Can / Canister with Lid; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Sy-A041 Medical Equipment Portable Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dirt Bike for 199 Cc Displacement. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sab-500 Ophthalmic a/B Scanner. Moreover,[Softel]Agile Modulator Full Range CATV Agile Tunable Ah-802h, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (200cc Reverse Wholesale Motor Light Three Wheel Motorcycle , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied Inverter), maintenance (China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in China), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.150cc Enclosed Gasoline Motorized Cargo Trike with Box , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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