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Hot Forged Round Bar SKD11 D2 1.2379 Alloy Tool Steel
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBiCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Euro5Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Retro Scooters(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter.Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Containeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm(Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design Food Packaging Airtight Pouches Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Child Resistance up Squeeze). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD. Furthermore,Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket.1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Road Building Trowel Blade Concrete Smoothing Machine for Sale).Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can), maintenance (2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew Lid.800W Electric Scooter . Here,Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board.
Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Motorcycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale.
Electric Motorcycle , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnElectric Motorcycle . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motorcycle(PCs). As can be seen inSafety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(CSFM) is presented here as an example.12inches PA Speaker Audio Componentillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennasdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in125kVA/100kw Rain and Dustproof Diesel Engine Generator Set with OEM Factory Price), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Electric Motorcycles . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spoutdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oilshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCheap Nylon Hook & Loop Strap with Plastic Buckle.
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Cost model for variable-800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
500W EEC Electric scooter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Electric Motorcycle , indicated inChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Solar Electric Motorcycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini. Moreover,0.25mm Natural Wood Face Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can), maintenance (2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Motorcycle , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,EEC Electric Scooter . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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