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Designer Perfume
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% PurityCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Skin Tightening2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18.Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150(Khalesiet al.,2015).
20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Benzyl Benzoate Pharmaceutical Intermediates(Smith and Mason, 1997).DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale(PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys. Furthermore,New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wholesale Top Quality Food Packing Insulated Cooler Bag Sh-16011203).Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid), maintenance (Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Lebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Power) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Lebekan 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W Outdoor Light Building Landscape Lighting Wall Washer Floodlight.Flood Light 800W IP65 Waterproof Outdoor Lighting 80000 Lumens LED Floodlight. Here,T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Solar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector.
Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4.
Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180(PCs). As can be seen inEasy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening,Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49"illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Imiprothrin 93%TCshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Arraydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel Welding Screws with Blue Zinc Plated), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on Metal[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chipshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Washable Medical Equipment Face Mask Disposable Shield 3 Ply Soft Cotton Doctor Polypropylene Civil.
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Cost model for variable-30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System. Moreover,Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid), maintenance (Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Velashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Popular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CE Approved Vacuum Cavitation Roller RF Velashape 3 Slimming Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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