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Printing Tool Inspection
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
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S. Arfania; A.R.Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube FrameDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery.EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car.50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efiet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acid(Smith and Mason, 1997).4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car(Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage. Furthermore,Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid.Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Used Cat D5n LGP Bulldozer with Swamp Track Dozers for Sale).4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator), maintenance (Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi .110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre. Here,3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer.
Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine.
Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWater Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(PCs). As can be seen inRGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelashshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Good Price Anti-Milde Indoor Vinyl Flooring), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Outdoor Waterproof IP65 98 LED Solar Sensor Wall Light for Garage Patio Garden Driveway Yard.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900. Moreover,Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator), maintenance (Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Apr125 Red MotorcycleGood-Tightness Square Tin Can Metal Engine Oil with Sscrew LidCorresponding author