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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer.Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (KSOC-10 Best-Selling Medical Use 10L Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Alarm).High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer), maintenance (China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting.Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine. Here,Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre.

110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment.

2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLinear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.8X4" Active Column PA Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDouble 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLarge Size Insulated Tote Strap Food Delivery Box Pack Holder 24 Cans Leakproof PEVA Fish Collapsible Cooler Bags for Beach Picnic), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromConstant Resistance Pressure Professional Coaxial Loudspeaker Water-Proof Two-Way 98dB 50W-300W with Mq-12cp190827) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pumpdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Fashion Women Crystal Rhinestone Charm Custom Design Logo Jewelry Metal Pendant.

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Cost model for variable-Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening. Moreover,Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer), maintenance (China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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