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Cee/IEC IP67 16A 230V Blue Industrial Flush Mounted Socket
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehiclesChina Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car.Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle (Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor.Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engineset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board(Smith and Mason, 1997).1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage(Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging . Furthermore,1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts.Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Scooter Parts. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Acrylic Sitting Small Round Shape Bathtub Cheap Price for Adult).0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output), maintenance (6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use.Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor. Here,Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine.
Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry.
Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid(PCs). As can be seen inSamsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter,4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Portable Induction Heater for Crystal Growthshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM LED TV 32"/39"/40"/42"/48"/50"/55"/58"/60"/65" Inch Super Slim Smart with Aluminium Shell), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLiving Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chipdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMassage Gun 24V Powerful Wireless Cordless for Athletes Pain Relief or Muscle Relax.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900, indicated inOutdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine. Moreover,Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output), maintenance (6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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