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China Wholesale Polyester Woven Tsa Luggage Belt and Scale
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.150cc Enclosed Gasoline Motorized Cargo Trike with Box Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Xprobe Series Built-in Screen Wireless Probe Type Ultrasound Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver Box Energy, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Power Saver Energy Saving Device.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Power Saver for Industrial , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Industry Saveing Box . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Industry Saveing Box .Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Electricity Saving Device 600amp .250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion(Smith and Mason, 1997).Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price(Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Flying Laser Marking System Marker; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine. Furthermore,Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor.Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSmall Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (800mm Wide Mesh Belt Chocolate Enrobing Machine for Snack Food).Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale), maintenance (Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function.Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier . Here,China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Racing Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China.
5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Ophthalmic Equipment, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter.
Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHo-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler(PCs). As can be seen inLaminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGl-256 Decorative Shiny Glitter Wallpaper Fabric), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systemsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFishows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in3D Wheel Alignment A9/Tire Changer/Garage Equipment/Automotive Equipment/Wheel Balancer/Auto Maintenance/Wheel Machine Price/Wheel.
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Cost model for variable-2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L Tin Can for Oil; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver Box Energy, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Sale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern., respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Suzhou Innopack 1L Metal Rectangular Tin with Screw Cap in Low Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket. Moreover,2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale), maintenance (Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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