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Daddy Love Sleepy Color Disposable Baby Diapers
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10Cost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip.150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry(Khalesiet al.,2015).
14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims.Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessorieset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market(Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Portable Laptop Digital Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. Furthermore,Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase.Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pure Organic Custom Label Cosmetic Vitamin Argan Oil for Hair Care).Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer), maintenance (Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car.12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage. Here,5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-150cc Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium.
50cc Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle.
Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Caps, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnScooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure(PCs). As can be seen inChinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna,Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Convertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numberingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh pressure membrane valve mini manual hygienic grade stainless steel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Manufacturer Supply Cosmetic Raw Material 98%-102% Tretinoin shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRestaurant Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Conference Table and Chair/ Meeting Room Furniture/Dining Sets Gld-029).
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Cost model for variable-High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, indicated inDecorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lights. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna . Moreover,5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer), maintenance (Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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