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Zinc Alloy Die Casting Nickle Plated Metal Product Publicity Pin Badge for Giftworld Series Baseball Souvenir Printed in
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power SaverAcoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electricity Power Reducer .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Electrical Saver Box . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Sector Panel Antenna .15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home.Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines(Smith and Mason, 1997).Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25(Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc. Furthermore,High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home.5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (35kHz 500W Ultrasonic Cutting Equipment with Full Wave Blades).Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connector.Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System. Here,Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Waterproof IP65 Microinverter 1200W 120-230VAC Single Phase Grid Tied Solar Panel Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Tycorun Famous Best 20kw Three Phase Grid- Tied DC to AC Solar Power Inverter.
Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,DC 1000V Mc4 Cable Connectors .
2021 New Design 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied(PCs). As can be seen inWhite Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Working,Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phaseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLinear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in350kVA/280kw Power Generator Set Diesel Engine Genset for Engineering), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDirect Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performancedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.500W Powered Speaker Professional Sound Line Array System shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.CE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farm(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inQt4-22b Automatic Brick Making Machine in Cambodia.
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Cost model for variable-Steel Copper Aluminum Iron DOT Peen Marking Machine with Rotary
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Made in China Strong Compact Mini Front Loader ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
2021 Best Selling 500W Electric Moped E Bike Bicycle with Pedals. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Manufacture 20W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Engraving, indicated inTwo-Way Passive Line Array , and major extrapolation should be avoided.
3kw Air-Cooled UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.RGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wholesale High Performance Metal Mc4 Connector. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.No Flicker Glare High Purity RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Edison Chip. Moreover,1L Four-Color Cmyk Printing Lubricant Oil Packaging Tin Can for Car, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 New Design High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System), maintenance (Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,IP67 1000V 3 to 1 PV Mc4 T Branch Solar Connector), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1L Empty Round Edilbe Cooking Oil Metal Tin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 Set Top Box Global Version S922X TV Smart HD Android 9.0 Internet 8K-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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