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SMD Full Color P6 Indoor LED Display Cube Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal EffectCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for SaleWhole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Loader.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box .Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can(Smith and Mason, 1997).Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can(Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light. Furthermore,PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover.200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIndustry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Power Saver Device (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Sound Insulation UPVC Plastic Steel Sliding Glass Door with Blinds Inside).1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), maintenance (60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet.Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped. Here,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Electricity Power Saver for Industry (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon.
Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle .
Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier(PCs). As can be seen inGood Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Food Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weedillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Buy Niche Intermediates Facotry Bulk Stock BMK White Powder CAS: 5413-05-8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPAdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLapel Pins), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPowered Line Array Active Stage Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Usedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Saleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Long Sleeve 100% Polyester Sublimation Mens Sport T Shirts From China Clothing Factory.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Electricity Saver Device ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Electricity Power Reducer , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Electrical Saver Box . Moreover,Sector Panel Antenna , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), maintenance (60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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