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S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm.Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can.CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(Smith and Mason, 1997).Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans(20MHz RF Wrinkle Removal). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging. Furthermore,1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W.Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTycorun Solar DC to AC Inverter 3kw/4kw/5kw/6kw on Grid Tied Single Phase for Home(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.8t 800kg Small Loader' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fashionable Hand Bag Canvas School Backpack Handbags).Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork), maintenance (Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. Here,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase.

15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance.

Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz(PCs). As can be seen in800ml Square Metal Containers, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Motorcycle shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lampdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Stainless Steel Sanitary Grade Tank Manual Rear Diaphragm), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5cshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in0402 Warm White New Advanced SMD LED Diode.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC. Moreover,Tx6s H616 Allwinner 4K Smart Aluminum Ott IPTV 10.0 Android TV Box, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork), maintenance (Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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