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LED strip with diffuse reflective lens
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct BuyFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Geomembrane Making Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line.6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle.Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Oxygen Barrier Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber(2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect. Furthermore,Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer.Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),OLED Intermediates 2-(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (ABS Plastic Wheel Covers Hub Cap).Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning), maintenance (PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dust Collector Machine Wood.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo.Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin. Here,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line.
Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplier, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine.
Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnJwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter(PCs). As can be seen inFried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts,Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFood Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bagsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNatural Organic Konjac Root Powder/Konjac Gum Powder), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Deliverydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAuto Wheel Alignment A9/Tire Changer/Garage Equipment/Automotive Equipment/Wheel Balancer/Auto Maintenance/Wheel Machine Price/Wheel.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment, indicated inBrazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bathroom 8mm Glass Full Arc Quadrant Enclosed Shower Door, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line. Moreover,New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning), maintenance (PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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