GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,GMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping.Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6.Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Freeet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan(Smith and Mason, 1997).PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.(ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Mixer Power Amplifier with USB, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array. Furthermore,PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box.Coaxial Speaker TD10(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA System 30W Waterproof Plastic Driver Unit for Horn Speaker with Stainless Steel Screw Outdoor Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Outdoor Show Audio Lt12 Passive Line Array Speaker System' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Bronze Plated Metal Side Release Buckle for Bags).80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (PRO Audio PA Speaker ), maintenance (Top Quality Tretinoin Powder  Retinoic Acid for Skin Care) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36.Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch. Here,Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9.

Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside.

Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnGood Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205(PCs). As can be seen inLG panel 49" advertising rack , neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Single 15 Inch High Quality Bassshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPd Charger Wholesale Mobile Phone Wall 20W Fast Charging EU Plug), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEverun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huaweidemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements  Arginine  Flavoring Agents[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Glass Bottle Perfume.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2-Cyclohexylethanol . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.L-Pyroglutamic Acid. Moreover,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (PRO Audio PA Speaker ), maintenance (Top Quality Tretinoin Powder  Retinoic Acid for Skin Care), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,L-Pyroglutamic Acid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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