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Star Shaped Custom Lapel Pins
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi 2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range.Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes.BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for New Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre(Smith and Mason, 1997).EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter(TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle . Furthermore,2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines.1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBuy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs' names:
►1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging : based on 36-foot,1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap,Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts,Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Scooter Parts
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Formable Shape-Memory LED Neon Boys Night Light).Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive), maintenance (CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale.0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer. Here,Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use.
Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh.
Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine(PCs). As can be seen inCheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter,Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(CSFM) is presented here as an example.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Deliveryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSingle 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5cademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNail Art Beauty Manufacturer Temperature Change Gel Polish), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWaterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falantedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basketshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Manufacture Factory E-3/L-3 16.00-24 OTR Tire.
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Cost model for variable-High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming. Moreover,Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive), maintenance (CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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