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S. Arfania; A.R.Pipe Bevelling Machine Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Green Color HDPE Masterbatch.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Blue Masterbatch for Film, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yellow HDPE Masterbatch.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator.CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinderset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal (Smith and Mason, 1997).Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch(Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine. Furthermore,T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence.Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Master Batch Organic Colors(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Qt4-15 Hydraulic Fully Automatic Fly Ash Cement Brick Making Machine Price Hollow/Super Solid/Pavement Block in India).Orange Color Masterbatch.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch), maintenance (Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4.ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33. Here,High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery.

Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924.

Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone(PCs). As can be seen inMaterial Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in7PCS Professional Face Beauty Foundation Cosmetic Makeup Brushes Set Kit Tool Product), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBenzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switchshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Factory OEM ODM Nail Gel Polish Private Label Available UV LED Soak off.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism. Moreover,Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch), maintenance (Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker220V 3HP Frequency ConverterCorresponding author