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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle SaleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Power Saver Box EnergyCarb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Power Saver Energy Saving Device(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver for Industrial , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Industry Saveing Box .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Industry Saveing Box , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Electricity Saving Device 600amp .250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Polyamide Resin(Smith and Mason, 1997).Flying Laser Marking System Marker(Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor. Furthermore,Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer.150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Speaker with Laser Light (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Military Buckle).Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency), maintenance (8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box.New Racing Motorcycle. Here,Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Ophthalmic Equipment.
Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter.
Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnInnopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use(PCs). As can be seen inHot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System,Sector Antenna 5GHz(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Invertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileQuality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in1500W Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel/Aluminum Fiber Laser Cutting Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFidemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inModel Hysw-32CNC Hydraulic Hose Crimping Machine.
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Cost model for variable-1L Tin Can for Oil
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.L-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Power Saver for Industrial , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25. Moreover,40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency), maintenance (8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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