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Frequency Converter 75HP Three PhasesCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar SystemGMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel.Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Canset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1(Smith and Mason, 1997).Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader(Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle. Furthermore,Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter.China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inKas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Spaghetti Strap Wedding Dresses Bridal Gown 62901).Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw), maintenance (Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power.Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. Here,Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult.

High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle.

Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSolar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent(PCs). As can be seen inChina Supplier 1, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint,Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decorationillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feedsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inReboss Carports with Membrace Roof), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBenzene Soluble CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated PE/PP) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gaindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Rangeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Solar Inverter Pump 15kw(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLED Bulb.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].TUV Ce Europe Popular 6000W Grid Tied Home Solar System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. Moreover,CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on Grid, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw), maintenance (Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Everun Brand CE Certificated Articulated 0.8 Ton China Shovel Loader, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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