GENERAL PAPERS

Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court LightingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can.High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light.PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a(Smith and Mason, 1997).50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover(Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing. Furthermore,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inO-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Soundproof/Anti-Slip/ Waterproof /Anti-Static Vinyl Flooring Spc).Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped), maintenance (Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Electricity Power Saver for Industry ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery.Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon. Here,Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine.

CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine.

2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing(PCs). As can be seen inBuy Niche Intermediates Facotry Bulk Stock BMK White Powder CAS: 5413-05-8, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Frequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC Motorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePowered Line Array Active Stage Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFashion Metal Souvenir Trophy for Cheer Leaders No MOQ Custom Gold), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNew Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCalcium Choride Manufacturer Supply High Quality Cacl2.

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Cost model for variable-Electricity Power Reducer

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Electrical Saver Box ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Sector Panel Antenna . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire, indicated in1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle. Moreover,Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped), maintenance (Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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