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Low Voltage Safety LED Neon Sign
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Printed Polyethylene Plastic Foil Packaging Roll Film for Packing MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Peptide Cosmetics CAS 155149- 79 -4 Capixyl.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 Raw Crystal 643798 Supplier, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,100% Copper Wire St-1kw Single Phase Dynamo Factory Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Supplier Antioxidants Powder of Propyl Gallate CAS: 121- 79 -9.37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement Display(Khalesiet al.,2015).
49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen .aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat displayet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator (Smith and Mason, 1997).3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screen(Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitors, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).LG panel 49" advertising rack ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,55inch wall mount LCD panel surveillance LED video, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Two-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn. Furthermore,55 Inch LCD Video Wall Display with Controller, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound System.10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Samsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (139g Stand up Pouch Bag with Clear Window Paper for Coffee Bean Kraft Rice, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inB5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killer' names:
►Professional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System.: based on 36-foot,10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audio,10 " Professional Home Theater Stage Performance Audio Video PA Trolley IR Bluetooth Active Speaker with Multimedia Heavy Bass and Big Power,10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speaker, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Single 10 Inch Active Speaker PS10r2 PA System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper Aluminum Laminated Container Food Packaging(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Brand ABS Plastic Car Logo Emblem).Food Grade Packaging Custom Print Laminated Stand up Bag.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Whole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window), maintenance (Food Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weed) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Food Packaging Bag.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Proof Child Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwoofer.Electronics ESD Moisture Barrier Aluminum Foil Bag Shielding Anti-Static Plastic for Electronic Parts. Here,Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Array.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10'' Neodymium Coaxial Speaker. 250W & 60W Power Rating PA Audio.(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4-Chloro-4'-Methylbenzophenone High Quality Products CAS 5395- 79 -9) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Display. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screen.
Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49", the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player.
High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP(PCs). As can be seen in18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker,Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mmillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3HP Three Phase Frequency Convertershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSpecial Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in18gbps Gold Plated HDMI Cord Ultra HD 4K 2.0 Cable with Ce RoHS), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPrfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Double 10inch Line Array System Box [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300ccshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitamin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSourcing Service in China.
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Cost model for variable-PA /CPP Rotort Pouch
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chin Top Supplier Supply L- ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Pharmaceutical Industry CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price, indicated inCE OEM ISO SGS Zl08 800kg Articulated Compact Shovel Mini Wheel Loader with Changchai Engine 25kw, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker. Moreover,Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Whole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window), maintenance (Food Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weed), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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