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LED COB Strip with High CRI
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China Supplier EEC and EPA Approved 1500cc QuadskiCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price.Frequency Converter for Water Pumpet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy(Smith and Mason, 1997).Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter(Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter. Furthermore,Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap.Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Lovely Soft Dog Stuffed Toy with Scarf).High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box), maintenance (Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service. Here,Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE .
Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader.
Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm(PCs). As can be seen inCanada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz,Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller(CSFM) is presented here as an example.IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Lightillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adultshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granulesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSD-200c-12 200W 48VDC), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Inverter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5Ldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetoothshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 100% Protector Car Windshield Sunshade Umbrella.
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Cost model for variable-AC Drive Variable Drive
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China AC Drive Manufacturers/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger. Moreover,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box), maintenance (Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Home Solar System 2kw Panel. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil.Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid.Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap, Montreal. 265 pp. [Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap, Montreal. 319 pp. [Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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