GENERAL PAPERS

China Supply 1Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni AntennaLinux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Style Underwater IP68 Waterproof Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phase, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.12V DC/AC 18W/24/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 25kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,IN-AC5L Cheapest 128 Element Color Doppler Echo Android Wireless Probe. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Sale Big Pickup Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooled Engine.AC12V RGB Mini PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;3840watts AC Output Built-in Inverter 80A Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gian 28dBi

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Auto Washing Powder Packing Machine).CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover), maintenance (20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (600W- 800W 48V/60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Best Selling Electric Scooter Mini 800W ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.150cc Automatic Racing Sports Exclusive Design ATV .High Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATV. Here,1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV Amplifier, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV.

He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822.

Encryption Ts Satellite IRD, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike(PCs). As can be seen inQ210 Passive PA Speaker System, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycle,Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwooferillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frameshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in375kVA/300kw Power Generator Set Shangchai Diesel Engine Genset), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChin Top Supplier Supply L- ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Boxshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlastic Chrome Plating Car Emblem ABS Badge.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,off Grid Tied Solar Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw 30kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 500kw 3phase, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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The Newest 110cc 125cc 150cc Toyota Mini Buggy $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warranty. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi. Moreover,Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover), maintenance (20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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