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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive.GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inQuality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Natural Remove Dead Skin Glycerine Whitening Loofah Bar Soap).5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Ophthalmic Equipment), maintenance (Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler.Innopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer. Here,1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sector Antenna 5GHz) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi.

2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L Tin Can for Oil.

Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnL-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Sale(PCs). As can be seen in20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFishows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileTUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChinese Factory Disinfectant Hand Sanitizer Gel with FDA Ce Approved Antibacterial Spray), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furnituredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Model High Quality 4 Stroke LED Efi 50cc 100cc 110cc Gasoline Scooter Gas Moped Super Soco Bike Mini, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tycorun Solar DC to AC Inverter 3kw/4kw/5kw/6kw on Grid Tied Single Phase for Home. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Inverter. Moreover,Eougem Mini 0.8 Ton Front End Loader of Good Quality 25kw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi Monitoring, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Ophthalmic Equipment), maintenance (Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Sale Android 9.0 4K HD IPTV Set Top Box Amlogic S905W 2GB 16GB Smart Internet TV), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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