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New Hot Sale Product Equipment Portable Medical Oxygen Concentrator
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kwCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel LoaderWaterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on Grid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Everun Brand CE Certificated Articulated 0.8 Ton China Shovel Loader.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5K.Hot Sale and Competitive Price Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Daily(Khalesiet al.,2015).
1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power System.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kwet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood(Smith and Mason, 1997).3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paint(32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale. Furthermore,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw.Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Children Outdoor Playground for Sale).Screw Top Metal Tin Can.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels), maintenance (Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can.Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin. Here,Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults.
Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W.
World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult(PCs). As can be seen inDual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE,Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can(CSFM) is presented here as an example.T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Specialshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileTopstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipmentdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh-quality disposable baby diaper), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Blackdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMens Long Sleeved Active Top.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood. Moreover,China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels), maintenance (Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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