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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz.Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adultset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment(Smith and Mason, 1997).on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power(HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters. Furthermore,Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use.Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inE320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20kw Grid Tied Solar System, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P1.875 Shelf Advertising Indoor LED Display).Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android), maintenance (220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency Converter.Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz. Here,3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale.

Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe.

Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDecorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).E0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Making,Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Gradeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dsola Chinese Supplier Multipurpose Mc4 Y Branch Connectorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePlastic PE Pipe Production Linedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in0603/ 1608 1.6 X 0.8 0.6mm Full Series SMD Chip LED Light), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,AC Drive[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Foodshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sell Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Tube Air Flow for Travel & Home Use Personal Bar.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15kw Grid Tied Solar System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.12kw Grid Tied Solar System. Moreover,Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android), maintenance (220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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