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Standalone Access Controller
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw MaterialsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin CareDehydrating Agent / CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol Ipa; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G.KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Soundet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Free Sample 5GHz Antenna Rubber Gain(Smith and Mason, 1997).10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active(High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Manufacturer Supply 1. Furthermore,Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker .10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSingle 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;L-Arginine 99%' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wallmount 24W 24V1a Us Plug Power Adapter).Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film), maintenance (D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag.Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper. Here,Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church .
15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System.
D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNew Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker(PCs). As can be seen inAccredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr,Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Double 12'' Line Array Audioillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Virgin PA12 Resin GF20 GF30 Pelletsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileJ45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLarge Aluminum Foil Container Pan Disposable Square Pot with Lid), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromKas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-25demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Useshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEuropean Style Freestanding Massage Bathtub.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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99 Purity Peptides Oxytocin Injection Acetate 2mg$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Lf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory. Moreover,Click 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film), maintenance (D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10'' Ferrite Woofer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210 Professional.Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02.Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker, Montreal. 265 pp. [Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Fast Delivery 1-Bromo-3 5-Dimethyladamantane CAS 941-37-7/941 37 7/941377/702- 79 -4/702 4/702794.Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4.Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker, Montreal. 319 pp. [Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker ]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Industrial Grade SHMP ]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box.Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint]
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10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Pharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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