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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality Printed Food Packaging Doypack Aluminium Zipper Bags, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Argipressine CAS 113- 79 -1 with Best Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1-Bromo-3.Cinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China.55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Displayet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5(Smith and Mason, 1997).Top Selling 1(Free Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a 302- 79 -4. Furthermore,Economic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Single 10inch Two Ways Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Imported Driver with Vk10.Professional Loudspeaker 10'' Neodymium Magnet(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Kas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Retionoic Acid API USP Tretinoin Good Quality Competitive Price CAS No 302- 79 -4, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in100% Copper Wire St-1kw Single Phase Dynamo Factory Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Dexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%' names:
►Professional Sound Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Line Array Loudspeaker: based on 36-foot,LG 46" 49" 55" DVI LED video panel for monitoring,Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4,Customized Printed 3.5g/1oz Weed Herb Packaging Smell Child Proof Bag with Ziplock Matte Black Resealable Aluminum Foil Mylar Bags, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Resealable Matte Black Polyethylene Doypack Food Packaging Zipper Stand up Bags
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bag, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2-Way Speaker PS10 for High Quality Stage Monitor(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Plastic Customs Keychain Action Figures Toys).Professional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Aluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plastic), maintenance (Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,96dB 250W AES Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker Sinlge 10inch KTV Disco Occasion System with Ks10190902.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Line Array System Single 10 Inch Neodymium Vr10) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag.Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylar. Here,Silver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nut, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10'' Ferrite Woofer Best Price Loudspeaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Display) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Amazon Best Sell Custom Clears Silver Aluminum Foil Mylar Ziplock Stand up Pouch Bag. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vr36 Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Compact Line Array.
Factory Supply Chlorhexidine Acetate/ Mpb Diacetate /CAS 206986- 79 -0, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Heat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessen, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Ceftriaxone Sodium 99% API CAS 104376- 79 -6 for Injection Grade, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4.
Cosmetic Raw Material Powder CAS 20449- 79 -0 Pure Bee Venom/Melittin/Melitten, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPharmaceutical Chemicals Cefodizime Sodium CAS 86329- 79 -5. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Selling Ceftriaxone Sodium CAS 104376- 79 -6 Top Quality(PCs). As can be seen inPromotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives,Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Fast Delivery CAS 525- 79 -1 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMeat Ball Bread Crumbs Coating Flouring Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 Raw Crystal 643798 Supplier. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motordemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,100% Copper Wire St-1kw Single Phase Dynamo Factory Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Poolshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China Supplier Antioxidants Powder of Propyl Gallate CAS: 121- 79 -9(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFull Automatic Sandwich Choco Pie Cake Production Line Chocolate Coating Jaffa Making Machine.
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Cost model for variable-37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement Display
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat display; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screen. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitors, indicated inNo Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
LG panel 49" advertising rack $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.55inch wall mount LCD panel surveillance LED video, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Two-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.55 Inch LCD Video Wall Display with Controller. Moreover,10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Aluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plastic), maintenance (Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Samsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.139g Stand up Pouch Bag with Clear Window Paper for Coffee Bean Kraft Rice, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System.-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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