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Sunwing Latest Design 1X1m Faux Green Artificial Vertical Garden
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PVCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.L-Pyroglutamic AcidGy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic.Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch.Pipe Bevelling Machine et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool(Smith and Mason, 1997).ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder(Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Green Color HDPE Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Blue Masterbatch for Film, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch. Furthermore,Yellow HDPE Masterbatch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit.Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors' names:
►Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit: based on 36-foot,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits,Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine,T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Women Knitted Short Sleeve Cardigan Sweater for Casual).Plastic Green Color Masterbatch.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System), maintenance (3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574. Here,Master Batch Organic Colors, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Orange Color Masterbatch.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid.
Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery.
Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHealth Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7(PCs). As can be seen in25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7(CSFM) is presented here as an example.1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kwillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Setshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileJwell-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Clothing Packing with High Efficientdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Customized Logo PVC Key Chain From China as Souvenir for Publicity), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sounddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPlywood Making Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules. Moreover,Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System), maintenance (3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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