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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory-White Engineer Veneer Big Size 1300X3300X0.30mm 0.40mm 0.50mmCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow.Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Baget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear(Smith and Mason, 1997).PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China(Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4. Furthermore,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules' names:
►Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105: based on 36-foot,Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod,Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fastener/Screw/Bolt/Nut/Rivet Low Carbon Steel Wire).Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube), maintenance (Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Stainless Steel 17-4pH .Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate. Here,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.
Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470(PCs). As can be seen inWiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box(CSFM) is presented here as an example.WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warrantyillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sapelli Plywoodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileon Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Powerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDiamond Mold for Aluminum Wire), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTrolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Timeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSea Freight / Ocean Freight/Sea Cargo Rates From China to Belgium.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch, indicated inDust Collector for Granite Welding, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub. Moreover,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube), maintenance (Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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