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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color DisplaysCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210.Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink and Adhesives.Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PA(Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Polyamide Fabric PA, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays. Furthermore,Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings.Senior Electric Guitar (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAnycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings' names:
►Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch: based on 36-foot,Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS,Digital Tuner ,Metronome and Tuner, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitar
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Digital Tuner for Guitar , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Loreen Zwy-160/55.75L Tunnel and mining loader for coal mine dumping).10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp), maintenance (Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar.Guitar / Bass Tuner . Here,1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E .
2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector.
Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnNew X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz(PCs). As can be seen inTheater Professional Line Array Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Stylish Yellow Two-Seater Children's Sofa,Living Room Furniture Specific Use Fabric Leisure Sofa(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGood-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Liddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Modern Living Room Furniture Fabric Sofa 6127.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inShipping Agent Air Freight Service DHL), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Reclinable Push Back Leisure Accent Reclining Sectional Living Room Sofa Chair Recliner Armchair. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Titan 4 Wheel Driving 0.8ton Mini Micro Compact Loaders Garden and Farm Usingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Arrivals Modern Office Furniture Leather Sofa Set with Tea Table[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional useshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWomen Fashion Knitted Sweater with Long Sleeve.
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Cost model for variable-Modern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofa
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Set Top Box Android 9.0 X96 Mini TV S905W/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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2.4GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge 300Mbps Tdma High Power 500MW$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11n. Moreover,5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp), maintenance (Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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